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Regional Dossier series

The German language in education in Romania (1st Edition)

Liana Regina Iunesch & Robert Pfützner

Published online: May 2025

Editions available

Highlights

  • Schools with German teaching have a very long tradition in Romania.
  • German is an official language of instruction in several public schools in Romania, taught in 129 kindergartens and 84 schools.
  • Schools with German teaching are very attractive for Romanian citizens , but the number of teachers is decreasing continually while the numbers of pupils increases.
  • Teaching materials are provided by the state, and education in German in public schools is free of charge.
  • Good prospects and a safe future for German depend on the policies in the educational sector; a better status and better pay for teachers would greatly help.


German and its status in education in Romania

German is a language of instruction in public and private schools and kindergartens in Romania, as autochthonous minorities in Romania have a right to education in their first language. German can also be chosen as the first foreign language in schools where Romanian is the language of instruction or as the second foreign language. German-language schools and kindergartens can be found primarily in the historical settlement area of the Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania, but also in large cities such as Bucharest, Timișoara, and other important cities in Western Romania. As most of the German minority emigrated in the 1990s, German-language schools are now mainly attended by pupils from the Romanian majority population. German is taught in the form of German as a first language, a second language, or a third language. There are also German-language subject lessons, for example in the history of the German minority or Protestant religion. Schools with German language of instruction endeavour to offer all subjects in German.

German in educational research

Consolidated and institutionalized educational research in German about German education takes place at Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca and at Lucian Blaga University in Sibiu. Some research in the field is also pursued at other universities offering German Studies programmes. The research is carried out by the employed lecturers and professors; as of 2024, there were no doctoral students in educational studies in German. Current research focuses on language acquisition, language didactics, and teacher training in German. Doctoral programmes in German are only available at chairs of German studies, where German language didactics or interdisciplinary topics are often also researched.

Prospects for German in the Romania

Currently, interest in a school career in German is very high in Romania, and schools with German as the language of instruction enjoy a good reputation in Romanian society. As long as this attractiveness is maintained, this school system will also be available to the few members of the minority. If access for Romanian citizens is not restricted in the future, an increase in the number of pupils is possible, provided that the demand for teachers can be met. Whether the schools will be permanently attended by children from the minority is a question of the demographic stabilisation of the minority, which is difficult to predict.

Deutsch und sein Status im Bildungswesen in Rumänien

Deutsch ist Unterrichtssprache an öffentlichen und privaten Schulen und Kindergärten in Rumänien, da die autochthonen Minderheiten in Rumänien ein Recht auf Unterricht in ihrer Muttersprache haben. Deutsch ist auch die erste Fremdsprache oder die zweite Fremdsprache in Schulen, in denen Rumänisch die Unterrichtssprache ist. Deutschsprachige Schulen und Kindergärten sind vor allem im historischen Siedlungsgebiet der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Siebenbürgen, aber auch in Großstädten wie Temeswar oder Bukarest zu finden. Da der Großteil der deutschen Minderheit in den 1990er Jahren ausgewandert ist, werden deutschsprachige Schulen inzwischen hauptsächlich von Schüler:innen der rumänischen Mehrheitsbevölkerung besucht. Der Unterricht in Deutsch findet in Form von Deutsch als Muttersprache, als Zweitsprache oder als Drittsprache statt. Darüber hinaus gibt es deutschsprachigen Fachunterricht zum Beispiel im Fach Geschichte der deutschen Minderheit oder evangelische Religion. An deutschsprachigen Schulen wird versucht, alle Fächer in deutscher Sprache anzubieten.

Deutsch in der Bildungsforschung

Erziehungswissenschaftliche Forschung in deutscher Sprache über den Unterricht in Deutscher Sprache wird an der Babeș-Bolyai Universität in Cluj-Napoca/Klausenburg und an der ”Lucian Blaga” Universität in Sibiu/Hermannstadt betrieben. Es gibt aktuell (Stand: 2024) keine deutschsprachigen Doktorand:innen in Erziehungswissenschaft, die Forschung wird ausschließlich von angestellten Dozent:innen und Professor:innnen durchgeführt. Aktuelle orschungsschwerpunkte bilden Spracherwerb und Sprachdidaktik sowie Fragen der Lehrer:innenbildung in deutscher Sprache. Promotionsprogramme in deutscher Sprache gibt es ausschließlich an Germanistik-Lehrstühlen. Es werden hier oft auch fachdidaktische oder interdisziplinäre Themen erforscht.

Perspektiven für das Deutsche in Rumänien

Aktuell ist das Interesse an einer Schullaufbahn in deutscher Sprache in Rumänien sehr hoch und die Schulen mit deutscher Unterrichtssprache genießen einen guten Ruf in der Gesellschaft. Wenn der Zugang rumänischer Bürger nicht eingegrenzt wird in Zukunft ist ein Anwachsen der Schülerzahlen möglich, sofern der Bedarf an Lehrpersonen gedeckt werden kann.

Limba germană și statutul limbii germane în învățământul românesc

Limba germană este o limbă de predare în școlile și grădinițele publice și private din România, deoarece minoritățile autohtone din România au dreptul la educație în limba maternă. De asemenea, germana este prima limbă străină sau a doua limbă străină în școlile în care limba română este limba de predare. Școlile și grădinițele cu predare în limba germană se găsesc în principal în zona de locuire istorică a sașilor transilvăneni din Transilvania, dar și în orașe mari precum Timișoara sau București. Întrucât majoritatea minorității germane a emigrat în anii 1990, școlile cu limbă de predare germană sunt acum frecventate în principal de elevi din populația majoritară română. Limba germană este predată sub forma limbii germane ca limbă maternă, ca a doua limbă sau ca a treia limbă. Există, de asemenea, materii predate în limba germană, de exemplu istoria minorității germane sau religia protestantă. În școlile cu limbă de predare germană toate materiile cu excepția limbii și literaturii române se predau în limba germană.

Limba germană în cercetarea educațională

Cercetarea educațională în limba germană se desfășoară la Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca și la Universitatea ”Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. Cercetarea este realizată de către conferențiarii și profesorii angajați; momentan (2024) nu există doctoranzi de Științe ale Educației care cercetează în limba germană. Cercetările actuale se axează pe achiziția limbii, didactica limbii și formarea profesorilor de limba germană. Programele de doctorat în limba germană sunt disponibile numai la catedrele de germanistică. Deseori se cercetează și subiecte didactice sau interdisciplinare.

Perspectivele limbii germane în România

În prezent, interesul pentru un parcurs școlar în limba germană este foarte mare în România, iar școlile care au ca limbă de predare germana se bucură de o bună reputație în societate. Dacă accesul cetățenilor români nu va fi restricționat în viitor, este posibilă o creștere a numărului de elevi, cu condiția ca cererea de profesori să poată fi satisfăcută.

About this Regional Dossier

 

Author biographies

Liana Regina Iunesch, PhD, is senior lecturer (Conferenţiar universitar) at the Department for Teacher Training (Departamentul pentru Pregătirea Personalului Didactic) at “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu (Universitatea “Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu) and researcher at the Research Center of Cultural Heritage and Socio-Cultural History – Research Unit Intercultural Dialog at “Lucian Blaga” University. Her research interests include the history of German-language schooling in Romania, subjective theories of language acquisition, didactics of German as a foreign language, and German as a native language in German-language schools in Romania.

Robert Pfützner , PhD, is lecturer (Lector universitar) at the Department for Teacher Training (Departamentul pentru Pregătirea Personalului Didactic) at “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu (Universitatea “Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu) and researcher at the Research Center of Cultural Heritage and Socio-Cultural History – Research Unit Intercultural Dialog at the “Lucian Blaga” University. He works on the history of German-language teacher education in Romania, on theory of solidarity education, and on history and theory of socialist and emancipatory pedagogy.

 

How to cite this Regional Dossier

Iunesch, L.R., Pfützner, R., Thomas, K. (ed.), Robinson-Jones, C. (ed.), Ybema, J. (e.d), & Jansen, M. (ed.). (2025). The German language in education in the Romania. (Regional Dossier series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. www.mercator-research.eu/regional-dossiers/german-romania/